Skip to content
  • Categories
  • Recent
  • Tags
  • Popular
  • World
  • Users
  • Groups
Skins
  • Light
  • Brite
  • Cerulean
  • Cosmo
  • Flatly
  • Journal
  • Litera
  • Lumen
  • Lux
  • Materia
  • Minty
  • Morph
  • Pulse
  • Sandstone
  • Simplex
  • Sketchy
  • Spacelab
  • United
  • Yeti
  • Zephyr
  • Dark
  • Cyborg
  • Darkly
  • Quartz
  • Slate
  • Solar
  • Superhero
  • Vapor

  • Default (Cyborg)
  • No Skin
Collapse
Brand Logo

CIRCLE WITH A DOT

  1. Home
  2. Uncategorized
  3. Vultures eat anthrax, botulism, rabies, & cholera for breakfast.

Vultures eat anthrax, botulism, rabies, & cholera for breakfast.

Scheduled Pinned Locked Moved Uncategorized
birds
55 Posts 38 Posters 0 Views
  • Oldest to Newest
  • Newest to Oldest
  • Most Votes
Reply
  • Reply as topic
Log in to reply
This topic has been deleted. Only users with topic management privileges can see it.
  • phoenixserenity@beige.partyP phoenixserenity@beige.party

    @vfrmedia
    Is it a for profit place or a nonprofit place? I'm pretty anti-for-profit-zoos.

    @dbattistella

    vfrmedia@social.tchncs.deV This user is from outside of this forum
    vfrmedia@social.tchncs.deV This user is from outside of this forum
    vfrmedia@social.tchncs.de
    wrote last edited by
    #8

    @PhoenixSerenity @dbattistella

    Currently registered as a charity (so non profit) - this does appear to be quite recent...

    1 Reply Last reply
    0
    • dbattistella@mstdn.caD dbattistella@mstdn.ca

      Vultures eat anthrax, botulism, rabies, & cholera for breakfast.

      Their stomach acid is among the most corrosive in the animal kingdom, with a pH around 1, low enough to dissolve the bones, hide, & pathogens of dead animals that would kill almost anything else.

      A vulture eating a diseased carcass isn't a vector for disease, it's the end of the line. The disease chain ends in the vulture's gut, & that's pretty hardcore.

      When vulture populations crashed in India in the 1990s, rotting livestock carcasses sat where vultures used to clean them.

      Feral dogs and rats took over the cleanup, both of which actually do spread rabies. Researchers later linked the vulture collapse to roughly 500,000 deaths in India over the following decade.

      The same collapse is now underway in sub-Saharan Africa. 6 of 11 African vulture species are threatened with extinction, primarily from poisoned poaching baits.

      The animals nobody finds cute are doing more public health work than most of the species we actively protect.
      #Birds

      felix@tooting.chF This user is from outside of this forum
      felix@tooting.chF This user is from outside of this forum
      felix@tooting.ch
      wrote last edited by
      #9

      @dbattistella proper digestion, despite environmental poison - a wild guess.

      1 Reply Last reply
      0
      • dbattistella@mstdn.caD dbattistella@mstdn.ca

        Vultures eat anthrax, botulism, rabies, & cholera for breakfast.

        Their stomach acid is among the most corrosive in the animal kingdom, with a pH around 1, low enough to dissolve the bones, hide, & pathogens of dead animals that would kill almost anything else.

        A vulture eating a diseased carcass isn't a vector for disease, it's the end of the line. The disease chain ends in the vulture's gut, & that's pretty hardcore.

        When vulture populations crashed in India in the 1990s, rotting livestock carcasses sat where vultures used to clean them.

        Feral dogs and rats took over the cleanup, both of which actually do spread rabies. Researchers later linked the vulture collapse to roughly 500,000 deaths in India over the following decade.

        The same collapse is now underway in sub-Saharan Africa. 6 of 11 African vulture species are threatened with extinction, primarily from poisoned poaching baits.

        The animals nobody finds cute are doing more public health work than most of the species we actively protect.
        #Birds

        jmht@theatl.socialJ This user is from outside of this forum
        jmht@theatl.socialJ This user is from outside of this forum
        jmht@theatl.social
        wrote last edited by
        #10

        @dbattistella *I* think they're cute. Well, majestic.

        olena@mementomori.socialO 1 Reply Last reply
        0
        • jmht@theatl.socialJ jmht@theatl.social

          @dbattistella *I* think they're cute. Well, majestic.

          olena@mementomori.socialO This user is from outside of this forum
          olena@mementomori.socialO This user is from outside of this forum
          olena@mementomori.social
          wrote last edited by
          #11

          @jmht @dbattistella majestic - agree! When you see them flying so high in the skies, so big, so calm - they do look absolutely majestic!

          jackeric@beige.partyJ kats@chaosfem.twK 2 Replies Last reply
          0
          • missconstrue@mefi.socialM missconstrue@mefi.social

            @dbattistella @StaceyCornelius

            I will be honest, I don’t know the difference between a vulture and a buzzard. I’ve been calling these visitors vultures, but someone said they’re buzzards. In any case, they’re big birds, and they come by to say hello and see if the eagles dropped anything. 🤣

            herzleid@wandering.shopH This user is from outside of this forum
            herzleid@wandering.shopH This user is from outside of this forum
            herzleid@wandering.shop
            wrote last edited by
            #12

            @MissConstrue Calling them "buzzard" is a USian colloquialism. So you're correct, it's a vulture (although maybe not a turkey vulture, that's just the article that happened to have the linguistic note).

            Link Preview Image
            Turkey vulture - Wikipedia

            favicon

            (en.wikipedia.org)

            roadskater@mastodon.socialR 1 Reply Last reply
            0
            • dbattistella@mstdn.caD dbattistella@mstdn.ca

              Vultures eat anthrax, botulism, rabies, & cholera for breakfast.

              Their stomach acid is among the most corrosive in the animal kingdom, with a pH around 1, low enough to dissolve the bones, hide, & pathogens of dead animals that would kill almost anything else.

              A vulture eating a diseased carcass isn't a vector for disease, it's the end of the line. The disease chain ends in the vulture's gut, & that's pretty hardcore.

              When vulture populations crashed in India in the 1990s, rotting livestock carcasses sat where vultures used to clean them.

              Feral dogs and rats took over the cleanup, both of which actually do spread rabies. Researchers later linked the vulture collapse to roughly 500,000 deaths in India over the following decade.

              The same collapse is now underway in sub-Saharan Africa. 6 of 11 African vulture species are threatened with extinction, primarily from poisoned poaching baits.

              The animals nobody finds cute are doing more public health work than most of the species we actively protect.
              #Birds

              rancholibertad@climatejustice.socialR This user is from outside of this forum
              rancholibertad@climatejustice.socialR This user is from outside of this forum
              rancholibertad@climatejustice.social
              wrote last edited by
              #13

              @dbattistella It's so wild how, like, everything in an ecosystem serves a vital role. Wilder, though, that that isn't just inherently obvious to us anymore (probably because we haven't been serving our role appropriately for a very long time, either).

              raphaelmorgan@disabled.socialR 1 Reply Last reply
              0
              • dbattistella@mstdn.caD dbattistella@mstdn.ca

                Vultures eat anthrax, botulism, rabies, & cholera for breakfast.

                Their stomach acid is among the most corrosive in the animal kingdom, with a pH around 1, low enough to dissolve the bones, hide, & pathogens of dead animals that would kill almost anything else.

                A vulture eating a diseased carcass isn't a vector for disease, it's the end of the line. The disease chain ends in the vulture's gut, & that's pretty hardcore.

                When vulture populations crashed in India in the 1990s, rotting livestock carcasses sat where vultures used to clean them.

                Feral dogs and rats took over the cleanup, both of which actually do spread rabies. Researchers later linked the vulture collapse to roughly 500,000 deaths in India over the following decade.

                The same collapse is now underway in sub-Saharan Africa. 6 of 11 African vulture species are threatened with extinction, primarily from poisoned poaching baits.

                The animals nobody finds cute are doing more public health work than most of the species we actively protect.
                #Birds

                likewise@beige.partyL This user is from outside of this forum
                likewise@beige.partyL This user is from outside of this forum
                likewise@beige.party
                wrote last edited by
                #14

                @dbattistella I’ve always been in awe of these creatures, they are amazing.

                1 Reply Last reply
                0
                • dbattistella@mstdn.caD dbattistella@mstdn.ca

                  Vultures eat anthrax, botulism, rabies, & cholera for breakfast.

                  Their stomach acid is among the most corrosive in the animal kingdom, with a pH around 1, low enough to dissolve the bones, hide, & pathogens of dead animals that would kill almost anything else.

                  A vulture eating a diseased carcass isn't a vector for disease, it's the end of the line. The disease chain ends in the vulture's gut, & that's pretty hardcore.

                  When vulture populations crashed in India in the 1990s, rotting livestock carcasses sat where vultures used to clean them.

                  Feral dogs and rats took over the cleanup, both of which actually do spread rabies. Researchers later linked the vulture collapse to roughly 500,000 deaths in India over the following decade.

                  The same collapse is now underway in sub-Saharan Africa. 6 of 11 African vulture species are threatened with extinction, primarily from poisoned poaching baits.

                  The animals nobody finds cute are doing more public health work than most of the species we actively protect.
                  #Birds

                  heartofcoyote@neuromatch.socialH This user is from outside of this forum
                  heartofcoyote@neuromatch.socialH This user is from outside of this forum
                  heartofcoyote@neuromatch.social
                  wrote last edited by
                  #15

                  @dbattistella Aww, gee, now I want to get up early to go watch the flock of black vultures that gathers behind the Safeway most mornings. I guess the trash containers are no match for them?

                  roadskater@mastodon.socialR 1 Reply Last reply
                  0
                  • dbattistella@mstdn.caD dbattistella@mstdn.ca

                    Vultures eat anthrax, botulism, rabies, & cholera for breakfast.

                    Their stomach acid is among the most corrosive in the animal kingdom, with a pH around 1, low enough to dissolve the bones, hide, & pathogens of dead animals that would kill almost anything else.

                    A vulture eating a diseased carcass isn't a vector for disease, it's the end of the line. The disease chain ends in the vulture's gut, & that's pretty hardcore.

                    When vulture populations crashed in India in the 1990s, rotting livestock carcasses sat where vultures used to clean them.

                    Feral dogs and rats took over the cleanup, both of which actually do spread rabies. Researchers later linked the vulture collapse to roughly 500,000 deaths in India over the following decade.

                    The same collapse is now underway in sub-Saharan Africa. 6 of 11 African vulture species are threatened with extinction, primarily from poisoned poaching baits.

                    The animals nobody finds cute are doing more public health work than most of the species we actively protect.
                    #Birds

                    commonsparrow@mindly.socialC This user is from outside of this forum
                    commonsparrow@mindly.socialC This user is from outside of this forum
                    commonsparrow@mindly.social
                    wrote last edited by
                    #16

                    @dbattistella
                    Turkey vultures are a common sight here, (western NY State, US). At least a couple times a week, I see them riding thermals in circles overhead, usually in groups of three or four. They are actually beautiful birds in their gliding serene flight, though they have a reputation for having ugly faces.

                    One of the recent Earth Day programs at the zoo where I work was on the importance of scavengers to a healthy ecosystem. Scavengers get a bad rap out of ignorance.

                    roadskater@mastodon.socialR dzho@tilde.zoneD 2 Replies Last reply
                    0
                    • dbattistella@mstdn.caD dbattistella@mstdn.ca

                      Vultures eat anthrax, botulism, rabies, & cholera for breakfast.

                      Their stomach acid is among the most corrosive in the animal kingdom, with a pH around 1, low enough to dissolve the bones, hide, & pathogens of dead animals that would kill almost anything else.

                      A vulture eating a diseased carcass isn't a vector for disease, it's the end of the line. The disease chain ends in the vulture's gut, & that's pretty hardcore.

                      When vulture populations crashed in India in the 1990s, rotting livestock carcasses sat where vultures used to clean them.

                      Feral dogs and rats took over the cleanup, both of which actually do spread rabies. Researchers later linked the vulture collapse to roughly 500,000 deaths in India over the following decade.

                      The same collapse is now underway in sub-Saharan Africa. 6 of 11 African vulture species are threatened with extinction, primarily from poisoned poaching baits.

                      The animals nobody finds cute are doing more public health work than most of the species we actively protect.
                      #Birds

                      awiltedrose@packmates.orgA This user is from outside of this forum
                      awiltedrose@packmates.orgA This user is from outside of this forum
                      awiltedrose@packmates.org
                      wrote last edited by
                      #17

                      @dbattistella "nobody finds cute" then i guess im nobody!!!!!

                      jamoteusz@mastodon.com.plJ 1 Reply Last reply
                      0
                      • dbattistella@mstdn.caD dbattistella@mstdn.ca

                        Vultures eat anthrax, botulism, rabies, & cholera for breakfast.

                        Their stomach acid is among the most corrosive in the animal kingdom, with a pH around 1, low enough to dissolve the bones, hide, & pathogens of dead animals that would kill almost anything else.

                        A vulture eating a diseased carcass isn't a vector for disease, it's the end of the line. The disease chain ends in the vulture's gut, & that's pretty hardcore.

                        When vulture populations crashed in India in the 1990s, rotting livestock carcasses sat where vultures used to clean them.

                        Feral dogs and rats took over the cleanup, both of which actually do spread rabies. Researchers later linked the vulture collapse to roughly 500,000 deaths in India over the following decade.

                        The same collapse is now underway in sub-Saharan Africa. 6 of 11 African vulture species are threatened with extinction, primarily from poisoned poaching baits.

                        The animals nobody finds cute are doing more public health work than most of the species we actively protect.
                        #Birds

                        rudy@mstdn.caR This user is from outside of this forum
                        rudy@mstdn.caR This user is from outside of this forum
                        rudy@mstdn.ca
                        wrote last edited by
                        #18

                        @dbattistella relevant --

                        Link Preview Image
                        Towers of Silence - 99% Invisible

                        Situated right near downtown Mumbai, India is an area of about 55 acres of dense, overgrown forest. In one of the most populous cities in the world, this is a place where peacocks roam freely — a space out of time. This forest is protected by a religious community. It has survived in a relatively

                        favicon

                        99% Invisible (99percentinvisible.org)

                        1 Reply Last reply
                        0
                        • dbattistella@mstdn.caD dbattistella@mstdn.ca

                          Vultures eat anthrax, botulism, rabies, & cholera for breakfast.

                          Their stomach acid is among the most corrosive in the animal kingdom, with a pH around 1, low enough to dissolve the bones, hide, & pathogens of dead animals that would kill almost anything else.

                          A vulture eating a diseased carcass isn't a vector for disease, it's the end of the line. The disease chain ends in the vulture's gut, & that's pretty hardcore.

                          When vulture populations crashed in India in the 1990s, rotting livestock carcasses sat where vultures used to clean them.

                          Feral dogs and rats took over the cleanup, both of which actually do spread rabies. Researchers later linked the vulture collapse to roughly 500,000 deaths in India over the following decade.

                          The same collapse is now underway in sub-Saharan Africa. 6 of 11 African vulture species are threatened with extinction, primarily from poisoned poaching baits.

                          The animals nobody finds cute are doing more public health work than most of the species we actively protect.
                          #Birds

                          noplasticshower@infosec.exchangeN This user is from outside of this forum
                          noplasticshower@infosec.exchangeN This user is from outside of this forum
                          noplasticshower@infosec.exchange
                          wrote last edited by
                          #19

                          @dbattistella wild

                          1 Reply Last reply
                          0
                          • dbattistella@mstdn.caD dbattistella@mstdn.ca

                            Vultures eat anthrax, botulism, rabies, & cholera for breakfast.

                            Their stomach acid is among the most corrosive in the animal kingdom, with a pH around 1, low enough to dissolve the bones, hide, & pathogens of dead animals that would kill almost anything else.

                            A vulture eating a diseased carcass isn't a vector for disease, it's the end of the line. The disease chain ends in the vulture's gut, & that's pretty hardcore.

                            When vulture populations crashed in India in the 1990s, rotting livestock carcasses sat where vultures used to clean them.

                            Feral dogs and rats took over the cleanup, both of which actually do spread rabies. Researchers later linked the vulture collapse to roughly 500,000 deaths in India over the following decade.

                            The same collapse is now underway in sub-Saharan Africa. 6 of 11 African vulture species are threatened with extinction, primarily from poisoned poaching baits.

                            The animals nobody finds cute are doing more public health work than most of the species we actively protect.
                            #Birds

                            ahltorp@mastodon.nuA This user is from outside of this forum
                            ahltorp@mastodon.nuA This user is from outside of this forum
                            ahltorp@mastodon.nu
                            wrote last edited by
                            #20

                            @dbattistella There is also another animal that has very low pH in their stomachs: humans (around 1.5-2).

                            1 Reply Last reply
                            0
                            • dbattistella@mstdn.caD dbattistella@mstdn.ca

                              Vultures eat anthrax, botulism, rabies, & cholera for breakfast.

                              Their stomach acid is among the most corrosive in the animal kingdom, with a pH around 1, low enough to dissolve the bones, hide, & pathogens of dead animals that would kill almost anything else.

                              A vulture eating a diseased carcass isn't a vector for disease, it's the end of the line. The disease chain ends in the vulture's gut, & that's pretty hardcore.

                              When vulture populations crashed in India in the 1990s, rotting livestock carcasses sat where vultures used to clean them.

                              Feral dogs and rats took over the cleanup, both of which actually do spread rabies. Researchers later linked the vulture collapse to roughly 500,000 deaths in India over the following decade.

                              The same collapse is now underway in sub-Saharan Africa. 6 of 11 African vulture species are threatened with extinction, primarily from poisoned poaching baits.

                              The animals nobody finds cute are doing more public health work than most of the species we actively protect.
                              #Birds

                              cptbutton@dice.campC This user is from outside of this forum
                              cptbutton@dice.campC This user is from outside of this forum
                              cptbutton@dice.camp
                              wrote last edited by
                              #21

                              @dbattistella

                              "When vulture populations crashed in India in the 1990s, ..."

                              I read about this, the problem was there was an anti-arthritis medicine you gave to your horse or donkey so they could work a few more years. But the vultures couldn't handle the drug, which destroyed their livers when they ate the dead horse or donkey in the dump.

                              This also lead to more leopard attacks on humans, since they were also eating them, and obviously there are lots of humans coming to the dump...

                              cptbutton@dice.campC antimony@don.linxx.netA 2 Replies Last reply
                              0
                              • cptbutton@dice.campC cptbutton@dice.camp

                                @dbattistella

                                "When vulture populations crashed in India in the 1990s, ..."

                                I read about this, the problem was there was an anti-arthritis medicine you gave to your horse or donkey so they could work a few more years. But the vultures couldn't handle the drug, which destroyed their livers when they ate the dead horse or donkey in the dump.

                                This also lead to more leopard attacks on humans, since they were also eating them, and obviously there are lots of humans coming to the dump...

                                cptbutton@dice.campC This user is from outside of this forum
                                cptbutton@dice.campC This user is from outside of this forum
                                cptbutton@dice.camp
                                wrote last edited by
                                #22

                                @dbattistella

                                Edit: According to the article @rudy linked, it was kidneys, not livers, and cows in the field.

                                jigmedatse@social.openpsychology.netJ 1 Reply Last reply
                                0
                                • dbattistella@mstdn.caD dbattistella@mstdn.ca

                                  Vultures eat anthrax, botulism, rabies, & cholera for breakfast.

                                  Their stomach acid is among the most corrosive in the animal kingdom, with a pH around 1, low enough to dissolve the bones, hide, & pathogens of dead animals that would kill almost anything else.

                                  A vulture eating a diseased carcass isn't a vector for disease, it's the end of the line. The disease chain ends in the vulture's gut, & that's pretty hardcore.

                                  When vulture populations crashed in India in the 1990s, rotting livestock carcasses sat where vultures used to clean them.

                                  Feral dogs and rats took over the cleanup, both of which actually do spread rabies. Researchers later linked the vulture collapse to roughly 500,000 deaths in India over the following decade.

                                  The same collapse is now underway in sub-Saharan Africa. 6 of 11 African vulture species are threatened with extinction, primarily from poisoned poaching baits.

                                  The animals nobody finds cute are doing more public health work than most of the species we actively protect.
                                  #Birds

                                  independentpen@mas.toI This user is from outside of this forum
                                  independentpen@mas.toI This user is from outside of this forum
                                  independentpen@mas.to
                                  wrote last edited by
                                  #23

                                  @dbattistella fuck yeah vultures

                                  1 Reply Last reply
                                  0
                                  • rancholibertad@climatejustice.socialR rancholibertad@climatejustice.social

                                    @dbattistella It's so wild how, like, everything in an ecosystem serves a vital role. Wilder, though, that that isn't just inherently obvious to us anymore (probably because we haven't been serving our role appropriately for a very long time, either).

                                    raphaelmorgan@disabled.socialR This user is from outside of this forum
                                    raphaelmorgan@disabled.socialR This user is from outside of this forum
                                    raphaelmorgan@disabled.social
                                    wrote last edited by
                                    #24

                                    @rancholibertad @dbattistella not all of us, anyway. There are indigenous people all over the world continuing to serve local ecosystems, but keep getting interrupted and sabotaged by colonizers. Colonization parasitizes the planet and will continue killing it until enough of us decide to fight against it at the (extremely worth it, negligible imo) cost of our convenience

                                    1 Reply Last reply
                                    0
                                    • dbattistella@mstdn.caD dbattistella@mstdn.ca

                                      Vultures eat anthrax, botulism, rabies, & cholera for breakfast.

                                      Their stomach acid is among the most corrosive in the animal kingdom, with a pH around 1, low enough to dissolve the bones, hide, & pathogens of dead animals that would kill almost anything else.

                                      A vulture eating a diseased carcass isn't a vector for disease, it's the end of the line. The disease chain ends in the vulture's gut, & that's pretty hardcore.

                                      When vulture populations crashed in India in the 1990s, rotting livestock carcasses sat where vultures used to clean them.

                                      Feral dogs and rats took over the cleanup, both of which actually do spread rabies. Researchers later linked the vulture collapse to roughly 500,000 deaths in India over the following decade.

                                      The same collapse is now underway in sub-Saharan Africa. 6 of 11 African vulture species are threatened with extinction, primarily from poisoned poaching baits.

                                      The animals nobody finds cute are doing more public health work than most of the species we actively protect.
                                      #Birds

                                      realgene@hachyderm.ioR This user is from outside of this forum
                                      realgene@hachyderm.ioR This user is from outside of this forum
                                      realgene@hachyderm.io
                                      wrote last edited by
                                      #25

                                      @dbattistella
                                      Here's a kettle of Black vultures over my house in New England on 9 April.
                                      I couldn't capture the whole group, I counted 24 while trying to record this.

                                      1 Reply Last reply
                                      0
                                      • cptbutton@dice.campC cptbutton@dice.camp

                                        @dbattistella

                                        Edit: According to the article @rudy linked, it was kidneys, not livers, and cows in the field.

                                        jigmedatse@social.openpsychology.netJ This user is from outside of this forum
                                        jigmedatse@social.openpsychology.netJ This user is from outside of this forum
                                        jigmedatse@social.openpsychology.net
                                        wrote last edited by
                                        #26

                                        @cptbutton@dice.camp @dbattistella@mstdn.ca @rudy@mstdn.ca This is a story I'm somewhat familiar with for two reasons. I know (though not been in contact for some time) someone with a strong connection with India, and also I was taking the drug in question diclofenac. I'd largely forgotten about it. Thanks for this info.

                                        1 Reply Last reply
                                        0
                                        • dbattistella@mstdn.caD dbattistella@mstdn.ca

                                          Vultures eat anthrax, botulism, rabies, & cholera for breakfast.

                                          Their stomach acid is among the most corrosive in the animal kingdom, with a pH around 1, low enough to dissolve the bones, hide, & pathogens of dead animals that would kill almost anything else.

                                          A vulture eating a diseased carcass isn't a vector for disease, it's the end of the line. The disease chain ends in the vulture's gut, & that's pretty hardcore.

                                          When vulture populations crashed in India in the 1990s, rotting livestock carcasses sat where vultures used to clean them.

                                          Feral dogs and rats took over the cleanup, both of which actually do spread rabies. Researchers later linked the vulture collapse to roughly 500,000 deaths in India over the following decade.

                                          The same collapse is now underway in sub-Saharan Africa. 6 of 11 African vulture species are threatened with extinction, primarily from poisoned poaching baits.

                                          The animals nobody finds cute are doing more public health work than most of the species we actively protect.
                                          #Birds

                                          jasonm@social.lolJ This user is from outside of this forum
                                          jasonm@social.lolJ This user is from outside of this forum
                                          jasonm@social.lol
                                          wrote last edited by
                                          #27

                                          @dbattistella one of my favorite animals. Black vultures roost on a 911 tower outside my office.

                                          1 Reply Last reply
                                          0
                                          Reply
                                          • Reply as topic
                                          Log in to reply
                                          • Oldest to Newest
                                          • Newest to Oldest
                                          • Most Votes


                                          • Login

                                          • Login or register to search.
                                          • First post
                                            Last post
                                          0
                                          • Categories
                                          • Recent
                                          • Tags
                                          • Popular
                                          • World
                                          • Users
                                          • Groups