Modern air defense is built on a simple principle: layered defense. No single system stops all threats. Each system covers a specific layer.

Patriot PAC-3 is the American standard for ballistic missile defense. Range up to 160 km. Uses hit-to-kill technology. Cost per missile ~$4 million. Effective but expensive.

NASAMS 3 is the Norwegian-American system optimized for cruise missiles. Range up to 167 km. Uses AMRAAM missiles. Cost per missile ~$500,000-1,000,000. Modular architecture means components can be spread out for survival.

IRIS-T SLM is the German system best against drones and maneuvering targets. Range up to 40 km. Missiles pull 60g maneuvers. Cost per missile ~$500,000. Fastest reaction time under 10 seconds.

S-300 is the Soviet legacy system. Range up to 200 km. Cost per missile only $100,000-300,000. But radars are outdated. Vulnerable to jamming and HARM missiles. Still useful in mass numbers.

The real lesson from Ukraine: a $4 million Patriot missile against a $300 drone is not sustainable. Production and cost economics matter as much as technology.

No single system is a silver bullet. Layered defense works. Systems complement each other. That is how lives are saved.

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